Legal Ethical Nursing Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Lawful Ethical Nursing Situation - Essay Example (Scott, 2000) Practice sisters in GP bunch rehearses who frequently do the real infection notice are not the ones to get the legal installment. Senior HIV/AIDS release co-facilitators (medical attendants) and exploration medical attendants have been utilized with an aspect of their responsibilities characterized in wording which are ordinarily part of the specialist's job. Obviously, they are paid not as much as specialists. There is commonly an absence of acknowledgment and worry for the difficulties medical attendants are confronted with in this field. Despite the fact that the moral codes of both the clinical and nursing callings are not at chances on these issues, the genuine practice is. Actually, the nursing code specifically is very best in class and exceptionally clear, however the contentions and force battles which despite everything exist among medication and nursing make it extremely hard for attendants backers of the patients-to live by the letter and soul of their code. Not exclusive ly does the individual medical caretaker endure in this circumstance, yet any better than average attendant is constrained into guarding the privileges of the patient contrary to the nature of the information gathered. This isn't a contention against medical attendants entering the field of the study of disease transmission, yet rather a contention for bringing the privileges of the individual patient and the open points of the study of disease transmission and wellbeing strategy together. Medical attendants are frequently in the best situation to recognize these issues and ought to be tuned in to. (De Selincourt, 2000) Writing Review/Case Study A young lady, Amanda, is pregnant. She goes to the antenatal facility, where a birthing assistant takes her wellbeing history and runs a progression of tests, for example, blood, pee and circulatory strain. She is guided by the maternity specialist on, in addition to other things, the ramifications of human immuno-insufficiency infection (HIV) and of being tried for it. In spite of the fact that the birthing assistant has no motivation to accept that Amanda has been presented to HIV, she offers her a HIV test. Amanda decays, as there is by all accounts no requirement for one. She is likewise mindful of the troubles in getting a home loan on the off chance that she has this test. The blood test taken by the maternity specialist is sent to a lab for investigation for hemoglobin content, rubella antibodies, and syphilis. Simultaneously a limited quantity of blood from this example is put in an anonymous test tube which is then sent to a focal research center to be tried for HIV. The bir thing assistant is totally unconscious this has happened so can't illuminate Amanda. Whenever that Amanda visits the antenatal facility the other blood results are come back to her and, as they are ordinary, she proceeds with her pregnancy uneventfully. Obscure to her the unknown blood test has been tried and seen as HIV neutralizer positive and this is recorded at the national observation community, where information on HIV and (AIDS) and different irresistible ailments are gathered. The data going with this example incorporates Amanda's age extend (for example somewhere in the range of 35 and 40 years), her sexual orientation and the geological starting point of the example. For this situation the disease transmission expert won't have data about the methods by which HIV was contracted. The information will give data about the patterns of HIV among pregnant ladies who go to antenatal centers over a five-year time frame. Amanda's pregnancy

Why was Henry David Thoreau such a wonderful writer Essay Example For Students

For what reason was Henry David Thoreau such a brilliant author Essay He had numerous incredible characteristics, yet the most significant were his dedication to nature and composing, his longing for autonomy, and his encounters he experienced for a mind-blowing duration. Henry David Thoreau looked to nature as the premise of life and composing. He accepted that nature is the impression of inward otherworldly reality. He went through his time on earth looking for the basics of the real world and of encounters that would bring him near these fundamentals. He lived in a hovel for a long time at Walden Pond to free his assemblage of inessential things. During Thoreau’s remain, he finished his first book itled, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers(1849). We will compose a custom paper on Why was Henry David Thoreau such a great essayist explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Here, he additionally filled his diaries with materials for his most well known piece, Walden. After he left the cabin, and after school, he turned into an artistic understudy by composing articles and sonnets and by editting the visionary diary, The Dial. At the point when achievement didn't come, Thoreau stayed devoted to his program of â€Å"education† through closeness with nature, and furthermore through composing that would communicate this experience. It was his life in nature that was his incredible topic. With the goal for Thoreau to compose such a great amount on nature he must be comfortable with it. His insight into the forested areas and fields, of the streams, the lakes, and marshes, of each plant and creature was exceptional. Emerson even expressed, â€Å"His intensity of perception appeared to demonstrate extra detects. † Thoureau composed a book titled Walden(1854) in which its topic was the relationship to the request and excellence of nature in the human psyche. This book comprises of records of Thoreau’s remain at Walden Pond. Thoreau’s love and commitment to nature and his composing was a key to his greatness recorded as a hard copy. Henry David Thoreau likewise felt that independence was an extraordinary need to his composing style. In his bit of writing titled â€Å"Civil Disobedience†, he communicated his confidence in the force and the commitment of the person to decide directly from off-base, autonomous of the directs of society. Thoreau’s companions concurred with his perspectives, yet scarcely any rehearsed it in their own lives as reliably as he. Thoreau showed his concept of freedom from numerous points of view. He worked for pay irregularly, he made associations with a significant number of the towns pariahs, he never wedded, he closed down from the First Parish Church as opposed to be burdened naturally to help it consistently, and he ived alone in the forested areas for a long time, in detachment. His closest neighbor was at any rate a mile away. While he was living autonomously in the forested areas, he thought of numerous new thoughts for his writing. Thoreau even attempted to urge others to affirm their singularity, each in their own specific manner. He additionally accepted that autonomous, all around considered activities emerged normally from a questing disposition of brain. He was above all else a traveler, of both his general surroundings and the world inside him. In his most well known piece ever, Walden, he expressed this: â€Å"Be a Columbus to gap new landmasses and universes inside you, opening new channels, not of exchange, however of thought,†(Walden, p. 21). Likewise, Thoreau’s festivity of isolation was a characteristic outgrowth of his responsibility to the possibility of individual activity. This following thought additionally raised a point in Walden. â€Å"The man who goes alone can begin today; yet he who goes with another must hold up till that other is ready,†(Walden, pg. 72) Many of Thoreau’s thoughts of independence can be found as significant proclamations in his composition. Thoreau came to a lot of his extraordinary writing because of the measure of encounters he had for an amazing duration. His significant experience was inhabiting Walden Pond for a long time and finding out about his own life and about the miracles of nature. .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 , .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 .postImageUrl , .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 , .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1:hover , .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1:visited , .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1:active { border:0!important; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1:active , .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1:hover { obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u2b60 0c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Conclusion For Edgar Allan Poe EssayThoreau even expressed himself, â€Å"I took in this, in any event, as a matter of fact. † Here, he was discussing how he got all the data for his book Walden absolutely from encounters. In spite of the fact that Walden was just tolerably fruitful in Thoreau’s lifetime, his examination in the wild sparked enthusiasm for youngsters. The book propelled individuals to follow his model and go to a desolate spot and marvel the world and discover their place in it. For some, Walden filled in as a touchstone. Thoreau said that he went to the lake to compose a book in memory of his sibling, John, who had kicked the bucket three years sooner. Thoreau likewise expressed, â€Å"I went to the forested areas since I wished to live purposely, to front just the fundamental unavoidable issues facing everyone, and check whether I was unable to realize what it needed to instruct, and not, when I came to bite the dust, find that I had not lived (Walden p. 90). At Walden Pond, Thoreau chipped away at A Week, however he likewise became pulled in to the Walden Woods and started mentioning objective facts in his diary of them. He additionally started gathering materials to compose addresses. When he left Walden Pond, Thoreau had joined talks and notes from his diary to assemble into his first draft of his book A Week. A Week was not very much excepted by people in general however. After the disappointment of A Week, distributers delayed the distribution of Walden. In the end, Walden was distributed and was decently fruitful, and it made Thoreau well known. Walden comprised of the diary sections he had composed. It likewise comprised of things he learned while he was in the forested areas. Walden likewise advanced from an occasionally harsh support of Thoreau’s exceptional way of life into an intricate record of an otherworldly excursion. Thoreau’s encounters were incredible properties in his composition. Henry David Thoreau was a great essayist. He had numerous astounding characteristics, yet the best and most significant were his commitment to nature and his composition, his sentiment of independence, and his encounters that were utilized to make his writing increasingly similar. He utilized nature as his fundamental topic in his composition. He felt that autonomy would assist him with being a superior author. He additionally experienced numerous things so as to make his composing loaded up with symbolism. Thoreau utilized every one of these components so as to please the reader’s mind with his writing.

Journal Writing to Ease Anxiety

Journal Writing to Ease Anxiety Panic Disorder Coping Print Journal Writing as a Tool for Coping With Panic and Anxiety By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 04, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 10, 2020 Witthaya Prasongsin / Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Coping Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions Journal writing is an easy and effective coping technique that can help you manage life with panic disorder. Through journaling, you can track your progress, explore your emotions, and manage your feelings of stress. Used with other treatment options for panic disorder, journal writing can be a self-help exercise that assists you on your way towards recovery. What Is Journal Writing? Journal writing, or simply journaling, is the act of writing down your thoughts, feelings, and perceptions regarding your life events. The term journal comes from a French word that means to journey or travel. Journal writing is a written record of your inner experiences of the journey of your life. Benefits of Journal Writing Research studies have revealed the numerous benefits of journaling. One of the most studied aspects of journal writing pertains to its healing effects. It has been determined that those who keep a journal are more likely to be connected to their emotions and problem-solving skills. Keeping a journal has also been found to help a person relieve stress, let go of negativity, refocus on gratitude, and work through difficult emotions and circumstances. Used as a coping technique, journal writing can be a helpful way to explore your fears, manage your stress, and enhance your personal well-being. Much like talking to a trusted friend or therapist, your journal can be a way for you to openly communicate your worries, hopes, dreams, and disappointments. Journal writing gives you the freedom to express your deep inner thoughts and emotions, making it a great tool for personal growth and development. For people with anxiety disorders, journaling can be a way to help clear and calm the mind. Through writing, a person can release pent-up feelings, escape from everyday stressors, and let go of negative thoughts. Those with panic disorder can use a journal to explore their experiences with their condition, writing about their struggles and successes in dealing with their symptoms. Reviewing past journal entries can also bring self-awareness to your panic and anxiety triggers. Aside from self-expression and exploration, journal writing can also be an effective way to track your progress. A journal can be used to record your experience with relaxation techniques, panic attacks, and other anxiety symptoms. For example, you may be practicing certain coping skills, such as progressive muscle relaxation, visualization, or desensitization. You can use your journal as a means to record how your technique went that day, writing down how you felt before and after you tried the technique, noting what you like or didn’t like. Tips for Getting Started With Journaling To get started all you need 5-10 minutes of time set aside and some type of journal. You can purchase a traditional journal or diary to write in, make your own, use your computer, or simply use a pen and paper. You may also want to consider getting creative in your journal writing and using other forms of self-expression. For example, you can incorporate drawing, poetry, quotes, photographs, painting, and other forms of artistic media into your journaling. You might purchase a journal at the store or perhaps you’ll create your own, using paper, magazine pictures, and your writing. Maybe you will take pictures and secure them into a notebook to express your connection with the world around you. The options are endless and there are no rules to journal writing. Within the pages of your journal, allow yourself the freedom of complete self-expression. Try not to censor yourself. Write down everything that comes to mind. Don’t worry about grammar and spelling.Journal writing is a creative expression. Give yourself permission to openly and honestly express yourself. If you are holding back out of fear that someone may find your journal, then try to keep it in a secure place.Remember that there are no rules in journal writing. You can write about your day, what you are grateful for, your hopes for the future, or anything else that appeals to you.Many people chose to keep a journal that is based around a theme. For example, some people chose to keep a gratitude journal, a diary of daily events, or a panic and anxiety tracker.Attempt to put aside at least 5 to 10 minutes a day for journaling. Figure out what time of day is best for you. Consider writing in the morning to get all your worries, frustrations, and hopes for the day out of your system. Write in the evening to reflect on your day.Try not to view journal writing as a task. Rather, consider it an opportunity to learn about yourself, cope with your condition, and grow as an individual. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

Global Health 101 Universal Declaration Of Human Rights...

In a medically savaged developing country when there is a sudden influx of scarce resources, whom of the inflicted and in need shall be the beneficiary? The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that â€Å"Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care....† (Skolnik, 2016). Poverty stricken countries caught up in a labyrinth of illness are unable to deliver the correct care their inhabitants necessitate. Richard Skolnik in â€Å"Global Health 101† identifies four basic ethical principles underlying most scarce resource allocation schemes as: 1) health maximization; 2) equality; 3) priority to the worst off and 4) personal responsibility. It is when an organ becomes available that ethical principles and human health rights begin to clash. There are extensive guidelines as to who shall be the recipient of widely needed organ transplants. The Organ Pro curement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) helps create and enforce organ sharing policies; deciding to whom for example a donated kidney shall go to. As part of its mandate, â€Å"†¦UNOS helps create and define organ sharing policies that make the best use of donated organs† (â€Å"Kidney Allocation†, n.d.). With regard to determining how to allocate kidneys for transplantation, UNOS has created something called a â€Å"Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI)†. KDPI is a measurement of how long the kidney is expected to function whenShow MoreRelatedNgos Are Non Profit And Voluntary Citizens1622 Words   |  7 Pagesnational communities and in global communities. NGOs are task-oriented and are driven by people with a mutual interest for helping others. Non-Governmental Organizations perform a variation of service and philanthropic jobs such as bringing citizen concerns to governments, advocating and monitoring policies and encouraging political participation t hrough provision of information. Some NGOs are organized around specific issues, such as human rights, environment or health (Definition of NGOs 2014).Read MoreMajor Political And Economic Global Risks For Businesses2707 Words   |  11 PagesTitle Page Student Name: Haithem Abu Sardaneh ID Number: M00469521 Title of Essay: Identify three major political and economic global risks for businesses from the list of twelve discussed in week 16 †¢ Describe the nature of the risk †¢ Provide details of a country where that risk exists and how certain kinds of companies can be affected by it. Explain how employees and consumers might also be affected Word Count: 2,312 Module Code: HRM1003 Tutor Name: Daniel Ozarow Date: 01/09/2014 1. 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The Pr esident’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health (2003) made clear the need to address the public mental health system’s delivery of service to people withoutRead MoreApplication of IHL in Darfur Essay2103 Words   |  9 Pages The contemporary era has made conflict an international priority, a world phenomenon, and a global concern for the welfare of all states. Ostensibly, war has existed for quite some time, and the current global hegemony has not conclusively provoked further conflict, but rather, developed mechanisms to protect those affected by the circumstances of an armed conflict. International Humanitarian Law (IHL) was devised by the Geneva Conventions, a paramount composition of accords that followed the SecondRead MoreThe Origin, Development and Significance of Human Rights10255 Words   |  42 PagesHUMAN RIGHTS INTRODUCTION Human Rights are rights that belong to an individual or group of individuals as a consequence of being human. They refer to a wide continuum of values or capabilities thought to enhance human agency and declared to be universal in character, in some sense equally claimed for all human beings. It is a common observation that human beings everywhere demand the realization of diverse values or capabilities to ensure their individual and collective well-being. It also isRead MoreSociological Views of Poverty2768 Words   |  12 PagesSociological Views of Poverty Michelle Williams-Thomas Sociology 101 Professor Yelena Gidenko February 12, 2012 At the beginning of the twentieth century, the most common reasons people died were accidents or communicable diseases like pneumonia. Today, millions die each day from poverty. How can poverty be defined? And what is the difference between absolute and relative poverty? In the paper I will address these issues along with sociological views of poverty. Poverty is aRead MoreSocial Provincial Exam3766 Words   |  16 PagesBooklet Form/ Cahier d’examen A B C D E F G H Use the following political spectrum to answer question 1. V Left Wing W X Y Z Right Wing 1. Which letter on the political spectrum reflects the position of the New Democratic Party? A. B. C. D. V W Y Z Use the following list to answer question 2. †¢ moral standards should override individual rights †¢ traditional values should be preserved †¢ large corporations should be given tax breaks 2. Which political ideology is associated with thisRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Racism: colonial inheritance 4.1 Nicaragua: multiethnic and pluricultural state 4.2 The historic roots of differences, discrimination, and racism 4.2.1 Spanish Conquest and its repercussions

Faire la tête - French Expression

The French expression  faire  la tà ªte  means to sulk, as when someone doesnt get his or her way or is bad-tempered about something that just happened. Pronunciation: [fehr la teht] Literal translation: to do/make the head Register: normal Synonym:  bouder Examples   Ã‚  Ã‚   Pourquoi est-ce que tu fais la tà ªte  ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Why are you sulking?      Ã‚  Ã‚   Ne fais pas la tà ªte  !   Ã‚  Ã‚  Dont sulk! Stop sulking!      Ã‚  Ã‚   Franck fait toujours la tà ªte à   propos de ta decision.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Franck is still sulking about your decision. More Expressions with faireParts of the bodyFrench gestures and body languageExpressions related to moodMost common French phrases

Film Analysis Free Essays

Film Analysis Assignment When first reading about this assignment I thought about movies that had a strong culture theme to it. I didn’t want to choose a movie that I’ve only seen once, only because I wanted to be sure of its cultural theme and I also wanted to be sure that I knew exactly what the movie was about and everything that happens in it. The movie that I decided to write about is Mulan. We will write a custom essay sample on Film Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is very clear that the context of this movie provides us with the information that the film takes place in the ancient times in China. We know this because in the opening scene it shows a Chinese soldier standing on The Great Wall of China. Also the clothing that they were is often affiliated with the Chinese culture so we can tell from this context where the movie takes place. Also a few times in the movie it shows the Chinese language written on certain things. I believe that the context of this film affects the communication between characters for a few reasons. One reason is whenever people greet each other, especially someone important, they would bow to them. Another way the context affects communication is that the characters talk to their elders so properly and respectfully. One of the main social identities in this film was the one that Mulan held. Since Mulan was pretending to be a man so she would be able to fight in the war, she definitely had to fit in with those among her. She had to talk like they did, walk like they did, participate in the things that she did. She did this so she would not blow her cover and be caught. The obvious culture identify in this movie is that they are all Chinese. We can tell this because of how they are dressed, their surroundings as well as their facial structure. One of the huge ways one of the characters helped us understand her perspective was when Mulan sang the song â€Å"Refection†. In this song Mulan is talking about how she doesn’t feel like she is good enough and that if she were to act how she really is she would break her family’s heart. She thinks that her reflection is someone she doesn’t know. With her singing this song we are able to truly see what Mulan thinks of herself and it helps us understand her more. The relationship between her identity and the context of the movie is pretty understandable. The context in the movie shows us the true identity of who Mulan really is. There is a major change in Mulan’s identity by the end of the movie. Throughout the movie Mulan is trying to prove to everyone that she will bring her family honor. At the end of the movie she ends up getting to take home the Emperors Imperial crest along with Shan Yu’s sword. The history in this movie greatly affects the characters standpoints. As we all know, Mulan takes place during the ancient dynasty days in China. So many details throughout this movie give that away. But the one of the many ways that history affects the standpoints of the characters in this movie is how they train as well as travel for their battle to fight against the Huns. With it being ancient days the soldiers’ are trained to fight with their hands, they are taught ty kwon doe and how to use a bow and arrow. If this movie had taken place in the 21st century, the soldiers’ would be trained how to shoot guns. This right here shows you that history greatly affects the characters. If Disney had decided to place the movie in present days the climax fight scene would be completely different. The perceptions of history in this movie can teach you many things. There are just so many little details that show you the films history. There’s a scene in the movie where the General has sent a letter to the training camp and we can see its history because Mushu writes the General back with pen and ink. Near the end of the movie the soldiers’ that fought in the battle parade through the city on horses and they have the traditional clothing from that time on as well. One of the main relationships between history and one of the main characters (Shang) is that he is now the leader of the army. Since he is now the leader he has to train the men how they were taught for battle back in those days. There was only one language used in this film, which was English. But there were many different communication styles used in the film. Since Mulan is portraying a man for most of the movie her communication style is very different from the others. She tries to make her voice sound like a man and say things she thinks they would say. At a few points in the movie she forgets to talk in a manly voice, but surprisingly does not give her cover away. There weren’t many uses on nonverbal communication/codes throughout the movie. I can honestly only think of a few things. In the opening scene when Shan Yu appears over The Wall, the Chinese soldier lights a big torch and says â€Å"Now all of China knows you’re here,† Also the cricket, who plays on of the sidekicks of Mulan is silent throughout the whole film. But through his gestures, as well as Mushu being able to know what he’s saying, helps the audience understand the cricket. There are a few main beliefs and values that are reveled throughout this film. In the begging of the movie we see Mulan’s father praying to their families ancestors. The ancestors are of great importance to her family. They believe that the ancestors will bring Mulan protecting with helping her fight in the battle. They also have a high value in their families honor. The littlest things that someone could do would bring their family so many dishonors. There is a scene in the movie where Mulan is to meet with the Match Maker so she can help find Mulan a husband. But through many clumsy mistakes the Match Maker is furious and tells Mulan that she will never bring her family honor. When her parents and grandmother hear of the news they are greatly disappointed in her. That is one of the main reasons she goes off to fight in the war. Doing this Mulan believes that she will be able to bring her family honor. There are a plenty of issues of power and hierarchy that are used in this film. At one point in the movie there are a few men sent in from the imperial city to give the town a message. The Emperor has ordered one man from every family must serve in the imperial army. This clearly shows just how powerful the Emperor is and how he can change a family so fast. There is also a scene in the movie where Shang (left in charge by his father General Li) has power over everything that goes on in the camp. There are some men fighting after dinner and as soon as he walks in the men immediately stop and salute him. There is also a scene when Shang is not thrilled with how Ping (Mulan) is training. He wants to â€Å"make a man out of her† but she just isn’t meeting his expectations. He tells her that in the morning she has to go back home. These two examples show how powerful he is over the men in the army. How to cite Film Analysis, Papers

Finance Real Earnings Management and Cost of Capital

Question: Discuss about theFinance for Real Earnings Management and Cost of Capital. Answer: Critical Analysis: Cluster analysis is a process which use to group a set of items that are similar with each other than the items of other groups. In this report, it has been to estimate cost of capital of a firm. It is very evident that for many firms, such as mining companies, cost of capital, calculated under general and popular methods, is not quite relevant and realistic. Moreover, many big companies, like Google Inc., do not pay dividends. In that case, ascertaining cost of capital by using CAPM model may not be possible (Core et al. 2015). The report describes that divisional cost of capital and cost of capital from accounting data can be used as the required rate of return for such occasions. However, both the methods have some limitations (Kim and Sohn 2013). Cluster analysis method, on the other hand, relies on the accounting data and market data of the proxy firms, which are similar to the actual firm in terms of activity. As the method includes a group of similar firms, the outcomes become more authenticate in context to the market valuation. The cluster analysis method selects the proxy firms based on the accounting data. It can be described as very practical selection process, as market data of the actual firm is not available, but it would have the accounting data surely. Moreover, the proxy firms are incorporated on the basis of the close resemblance with the accounting data of the actual firm. Thus, it reduce possibility of inaccurate outcomes to the minimum extent. The accounting data, used for the analysis process are ROE and cash flow from operations. For deeper analysis, ROE is calculated by using DuPont Formula. Thus, the analysis process covers the profitability, leverage and asset turnover of the firms within a single method and can work on more detailed data. Cash flow from operations depicts the liquidity aspect and working capital structure of the firms. Therefore, by incorporating the operational cash flow, the method can correlate the outcomes with the liquidity position of the company also (Healy and Palepu 2012). The correlation of variation is calculated for both ROE and cash flow of all the firms to synchronize with the risk factors and compare the accounting data of the firm in more accurate manner. Moreover, the outcomes for each firm are compared with balance group to ensure the accuracy of the process. It also ensures that main outcome should not be affected by any under or over weighted data of any specific firm. Finally, , the cost of capital of the selected firm is calculated by using regression analysis on the basis of the calculated CVs of the all firms and the market CAPM, risk-free rate of market, expected market return. As the cost of capital is based on the data of similar firms, regression analysis helps to set a range of the cost (Berger et al. 2012). Conclusion From the above discussion, it is clear that cluster analysis incorporates and uses all the elements quite efficiently to determine the cost of capital of a firm. Though, it is a quite lengthy process, the delivered outcomes can be considered as more accurate than other unconventional methods of cost of capital evaluation. However, the process is better for evaluation of any business or firm. It cannot be used for stock trading purpose, as stock trading requires data that are more accurate. Moreover, it cannot provide proper results for any specific firm, which is unique within the industry or owns some unique property. For example, a pharmaceutical company may invent a revolutionary drug. In that case, the accounting data of other similar type of drug companies will be insufficient to measure its cost of capital, as the company will be ahead of others for a certain period of time. References: Berger, P.G., Chen, H.J. and Li, F., 2012, September. Firm specific information and the cost of equity capital. InEFA 2006 Zurich Meetings Core, J.E., Hail, L. and Verdi, R.S., 2015. Mandatory disclosure quality, inside ownership, and cost of capital.European Accounting Review,24(1), pp.1-29 Healy, P.M. and Palepu, K.G., 2012.Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning Kim, J.B. and Sohn, B.C., 2013. Real earnings management and cost of capital.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,32(6), pp.518-543

Vermont Teddy Bear Case Essay Example

Vermont Teddy Bear Case Essay Although Vermont Teddy Bear is a company with a rich track record in the business of last-minute gifts, its mission statement lacked its basic goals and philosophies that aim to shape its strategic posture. Vermonts mission statement clearly speaks to someone who is well acquainted with what the company does and what it sells, which is in my opinion a crucial point that the company missed when they addressed its customers. The following points provide an insight on what went wrong when Vermont decided to formulate its mission statement: * The Basic Product the company sells: Vermonts mission statement clearly failed to mention the type of product they sell. By defining the product the company simply distinguishes its offered products from competitive products of similar nature provided by other competitors in the market. * The companys targeted customers In this element, the company mentions who are its customers or potential customers. What will it do to serve them and how will its customers find this company different from the other companies or competitors who provide similar products in the market. Although Vermonts mission statement might have implied that it is currently targeting American customers through :The Vermont Teddy Bear brand represents the rich heritage of the Great American Teddy Bear begun in 1902. , yet this contradicts with the companys current plan in which it intends to exploit international markets, in other words, the company should revise its statement to include potential customers too. * The Technology applied: By defining technology, the company tells its current technology that it uses in making its products i. . whether state of the art technology or hand-made technology. It also tells about the unique ways in which its products are technologically more advanced or distinguished then their alternates. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the word craftsmanship found in the companys mission statement might tell that the companys products are hand-made, which distinguishes it from other players in the industry, given the fact that most stuffed toys to day are manufactured. The Companys concern for survival, growth and profitability: Vermont failed to fine the means it seeks to survive in the longer run given the fallback they are currently going through. It not merely lists them out but also defines the logic behind them and how will the company strive to achieve them; these goals serve as economic indicators for the companys performance, and hence indicates how far the company is from satisfying the principal claims and desires of its employees and stockholders. The Companys Philosophy: By defining philosophy, the company defines its way of working, its culture, its beliefs and how it sees work to be carried out. it is also an analytical way of defining the norms of which it runs. In my opinion, the companys mission statement had covered the companys creed through the following: We will strive to wholesomely entertain our guests while consistently exceeding our external and internal customer service expectations. * Concern for public image We will write a custom essay sample on Vermont Teddy Bear Case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vermont Teddy Bear Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vermont Teddy Bear Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Concern for public image is a wide term that includes not only the corporate social responsibility but the overall impact of the actions taken by the company on its image, which in my opinion was totally dropped when formulating Vermonts mission statement. * Companys self concept By defining the self concept, the company shows the outside world its core strengths and the place it sees itself in the future. When reviewing Vermonts mission statement, it is clearly evident that the statement failed to express the companys core strengths in terms of the entrepreneurship capabilities and a robust distribution channels. In light of what was mentioned above, I suggest that Vermont should revisit its mission statement, the following statement will help the BOD in their plans for the company: Become number one instant gift solution in the USA in the next 20 years. We design and manufacture the best teddy bears in America. We satisfy customer needs through product differentiation, we offer exclusive hand-made teddy bears to premium customers as well as providing convenient products to the other customers. Speed and easiness of delivery of our products will be respected along with premium quality. Monthly Measuring customer satisfaction will be our main tool for maintaining our market positioning and for our continuous development for our brand and products. While achieving our mission in owning a profitable business, we will strive to being ethically, legally, and environmentally responsible while remaining fiscally sound. Vermonts external environment consists of three components: its operating, industry and remote environment. In these three environments, there is a chance that one of its external environments may change. All of these environmental sectors affect the companys operations both on the local and international level, and its very possible for change to occur (as witnessed throughout the case study). Operating Environment: Competitors of Vermont Teddy Bear could be subdivided into three categories: * Major plush doll manufacturers such as Mattel and Hasbro were considered competition in this sub segment of the toy industry. * Other bear manufacturers including Steiff of Germany, Dakin, Applause, Fiesta, North American Bear, and Gund, the leading market of toy bears. Variety of other special occasions greetings such as flowers, candy, balloons, cakes and other gift items that could be ordered by phone for special occasions and delivered next day. As for Labor, and given the massive production the company is required to undertake to meet its customers needs especially in special occasions such as Christmas, Valentines Day amp; Mothers Day , the company heavily relied on outsourced home worker s who performed production functions at their homes and hence were treated as independent contractors. Although these home workers/independent contractors allowed the company flexibility in meeting heavy demand as mentioned earlier which allowed them in scheduling their hours of work, home workers were free to reject or accept any work offered by the company which might make the company vulnerable to failure in meeting its customers heavy demand especially in high season sales. The company maintains a solid HR system through a strong built bear culture among employees. The companys manpower do not belong to any unions which eliminates any Labor issues. n the credit side I believe that the company does not face any problem with external financing; the company has two sources of financing, equity through issuance of shares since it is a traded company in the New York stock exchange market, in addition to debt and leasing which can be provided through commercial banks and leasing companies, which in my opinion is not a viable point for Vermont as it already consumed most of its credit li mits lately, comparing with its competitors who had greater financial resources. Historically, the companys focus had been to design and manufacture the best teddy bear made in America, using American materials. This philosophy was modified significantly in 1998 with the companys decision to explore the offshore sourcing of materials and manufacturing alternatives in an effort to lower the companys cost of goods sold and to broaden its available sources of supply, in my opinion such change would diverse the companys dependence on American supplies or raw material, now that it has a wide pool of international suppliers which will give the company a significant bargaining power in terms of cost and quality. Although many teddy bear producers define their product as toy and marketed solely to children. The company marketed its bears as an attractive gift or collectible for both children and adults which enabled the company to penetrate a wide-ranged customer pool, including children, young and old people whether males or females. If the company considers going globally, the company might face problems when addressing global customers, such Anti-Americans who might avoid buying the companys products knowing that it is an American product, especially that the companys competitive advantage stems from their origin, being one of the earliest producers of teddy bears in America. Industry Environment: Barriers to entry into this industry is there, evidenced by the challenges that Vermont along with the other current players face in the market, such as economies of scale, product differentiation, capital requirements and access to distribution channels. Given that both the stuffed toys and last-minute gifts markets are already saturated, I believe that the possibility of entry of a new player to the said markets is quite difficult, unless this new player intends to acquire an existing company to capitalize on its position in the market. For Vermont and as discussed earlier, the company had recently shifted to rely on various suppliers from local markets and different countries in its raw material in an attempt to reduce its costs, yet it was implied that it still relies on an American supplier-who happened to be the only eye maker left in America-in attempt to produce the ears with domestic materials, this might give this supplier some bargaining power to exert on Vermont. Last minute gift customers normally lack the power to force down prices or play competitors off against each other, this is mainly attributable to that Vermonts industry is a fragmented one, and last minute shoppers are ready to pay anything to acquire a gift due to time constraints which disable them to consider or make comparison with other competitors products; they will simply buy the first thing their eyes lie on to buy that gift especially in special occasions and events. Capitalizing on what was said earlier, Vermonts Teddy Bear as a product had several substitutes including toy bears, stuffed dolls or animals, flowers, candy, balloons, cakes and other gift items which in my opinion deserve the most attention strategically. To my opinion, and given that the Industrys competitors are numerous and that the industry growth is slow, Vermont is facing an intense rivalry from its competitors which the company should focus on strategically in the future. Remote Environment: The remote environment is what originates beyond the daily operations of Vermont. The remote environment is made up of five factors that are not influenced by a single company. These factors are economic, social, political, technological and ecological. Although these factors cannot be affected by Vermont, they can definitely effect the operations of the company. These must be all considered by the company when working with the market. Over the next twenty years, there are several changes that might take place in the remote environment. Since technology is not an important factor in this industry the company might disregard it when formulating its strategy. Political factors are quite stable on the local side yet if the company considers going global it must take these factors into consideration, for example if changes occurred in laws and regulations with respect to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), they must make changes to meet Political standards. Ecological factors also might cause several issues; although the companys manufacturing practices are environmentally sound, other factors might be an issue (for example global warming) given the fact that the company owns and operate a factory at which it produces its products, then the energy used by the company to produce its products must e modified in order to meet ecological standards. To be sustaining in the market, Vermont should encourage the knowledge of the internal environment that affects its business. There are many internal factors that impact Vermonts performance; these factors constitutes of the companys competitively important resources and capabilities. Unfortunately reso urces whether tangible or intangible are scarce by nature and it will be a great challenge for the company to manage their resources in order to gain the competitive advantage. Tangible Assets: The company operates and owns a fully integrated facilities including retail stores, manufacturing and distribution facilities in a 62,000 square-foot building on 57 acres that the company owns; * The manufacturing/production facilities included a state of the art packing and shipping equipment; * The companys call centers had state-of-the art technologies including PC terminals and very high tech telephone switching equipment that allowed the company to handle significant call volume; * The company installed a new telephone system, which improved its telemarketing operations and was designed to accommodate future growth in telephone call volume; * The company had a high-tech shipping system, including state-of-the art multicarrier software so that if a major carrier like UPS went on strike, it could immediately make adjustments; * In 1998 the company succeeded to secure a source of finance amounting $600,000 (in the form of equity investment that was injected by Shepherd Group) which will provide working capital for the company to pursue growth in the Bear-Gram channel and to maximize the benefits of importing raw material; * The company had launched an extensive website including pictures of the product in 1997 where its customers are eligible to place their orders online, which was part of the companys computer network of approximately 250 workstations that linked order entry with sales and accounting systems. Intangible Assets: * The companys name in combinatio n with its original logo was a registered trademark in the United States including The Vermont Teddy Bear Company, Bear Gram, Teddy Bear Gram and Make-A-Friend-For Life; * It owned the registered trademark Vermont Teddy Bear in Japan; * The company claimed copyright, service mark, or trademark protection for its teddy bear designs, its marketing slogans, and its advertising copy and promotional literature; Organizational Capabilities: * The companys manufacturing practices were environmentally sound. The company sought to use the best available materials for its bears; * The companys products were sold with a Guarantee for Life under which the company undertakes to repair or replace any damaged or defective bear at any time; * The companys products were designed in such way to a certain event or occasions, the company even provided outfits to individualize the customers bears or to emphasize certain relevant characteristics of the receiver; * The company was primarily know for its Bear-Gram delivery service, where customers could send the gift of a Vermont Teddy Bear by placing an order through the companys 800 number or online, providing its customers with an instant and spontaneous solution for the perfect gift especial in events and special occasions; * Since its inception in the 80s, the companys main focus was to design and manufacture the best teddy bears made in America, using American materials and labor, which helped the company to build up a strong and extensive custome r base; * The companys decision to explore the offshore sourcing of materials was a brilliant and a dynamic solution for lowering the companys cost of goods sold and reducing the suppliers power over the company; * The company has a wide range of products that suits both premium and regular customers; it has its handcrafted 15-inch classic teddy bears as well as its manufactured bears, in addition to other items related to teddy bears such as clothing, jewelry and accessory ornaments; * The company strove to provide rapid response to its customer orders and complaints. It believed that as a result of the quality of its products and service, it had established a loyal customer base; The value chain analysis (demonstrated below) aim at increasing customer satisfaction and managing cost effectively; it is a systematic approach to examining the development of competitive advantage, it comprises both primary and support activities: Source: pcwin. com Primary activities of Value Chain Analysis are directly concerned with the production or delivery of a product and consist of: * Inbound Logistics: Vermonts manufacturing premises included a state-of-the-art packing and shipping equipment, in addition the company also had a three-year lease on 10,000 square foot of inventory space at a separate location in Shelburne. Exploiting offshore markets for the sourcing of its materials provided the company with a wider base of suppliers which prevented the company from dependence risks; * Operations: despite the companys 1998 move to the offshore sourcing of raw materials and which implied a significant departure from the companys historical position as an American manufacturer who uses almost exclusively American materials, the companys products were still environmentally sound; the company sought to use the best available materials for its bears. The company produced two type of products; its handcrafted 15-inch classic teddy bear for those customers who are interested in an American made product and its manufactured event or special occasion-customized teddy bears for the rest of its customers, in addition to selling items related to its teddy bears; * Outbound Logistics: The company was known for its Bear-Gram delivery services, which enabled the company to provide instant delivery services (either by air or ground delivery services) to its customers throughout the different states of America as well as outside customers such as Canada through a carrier such as UPS. In addition, the company had a high-tech shipping system, including state-of-the-art multicarrier software so that if a major carrier like UPS went on strike, it could immediately make adjustments; * Marketing and Sales: The companys extensive computer network in addition to its new telephone system enabled the company to expand its customer base not only in Ver mont but throughout the rest of the states and the world and provide rapid response to its customer orders which in turn; * Service: The company sought to respond promptly to customer complaints. Each bear was sold with a Guarantee for Life under which the company ndertakes to repair or replace any damaged or defective bear at any time; These primary activities are supported by secondary activities which help to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the primary activities of the company and consist of: * Firms Infrastructure: it can be subdivided into three main categories: * Organizational Structure: The companys Board members and Executive Officers had solid experience in different fields including marketing, finance amp; investment; * System of Planning Finance: The company managed to secure a $3. 5 Million commercial loan to partially finance its new facility, later the company completed a sale-leaseback transaction involving its factory, this financing replace the company s mortgage and line of credit. The company had also signed a letter of intent with a potential investor for a proposed $600,000 equity investment; the company intends to direct the proceeds of the said transaction to financing its working capital needs to pursue growth in the Bear-Gram channel and to maximize the benefits of importing raw materials; * Quality Control: The company strives to maintain its products environmental friendly and was safe for children. * Human Resource Management: * The company employed 181 individuals, none of them belonged to a union which provided the company with some sort of protection against strikes; * In order for the company to meet heavy demand at holiday periods such as Christmas, Valentines Day and Mothers Day, the company depended on independent contractors/home workers. * Technology Development: The manufacturing/production facilities included a state of the art packing and shipping equipment; * The companys call centers had state-of-the art technologies including PC termina ls and very high tech telephone switching equipment that allowed the company to handle significant call volume; * The company installed a new telephone system, which improved its telemarketing operations and was designed to accommodate future growth in telephone call volume; * The company had a high-tech shipping system, including state-of-the art multicarrier software so that if a major carrier like UPS went on strike, it could immediately make adjustments; * The company had launched an extensive website including pictures of the product in 1997 where its customers are eligible to place their orders online, which was part of the companys computer network of approximately 250 workstations that linked order entry with sales and accounting systems. * Procurement: * The most relevant long-term objectives for the company are as follows: * Competitive Position: the company always strives on keeping its position as a market leader backed by designing and manufacturing the best teddy bears made in America and represent an attractive gift or collectible for both children and adults; * Profitability: sustain and increase profitability by improving the Bear-gram services that is provided through either the internet or the phone which are designed to accommodate future growth in request volume; * Public Responsibility: the companys manufacturing practices respect the environmental aspects by using the best available materials for its bears. The company uses Differentiation-focus as a generic strategy illustrated in: * Using American-made materials in its products; * The company offers a life-time guarantee; * Easy order placement and prompt delivery; * Rapid response to its customer complaints. Grand strategies are applied through: * Product Development : The company diversified the spectrum of its products to include the following: * More than 100 different bear outfits to individualize the companys bears, to emphasize certain relevant characteristics, or to personalize bears for different occasions and events; * Using recycled Ben and Jerrys ice cream containers to make the bear joints movable, a feature associated with traditional, high quality teddy bears; * Selling items related to Teddy Bears; * Selling stuffed toys manufactured by other companies; * Changing the packaging structure to ensure damage-free products and lower courier services; * Turnaround Strategy: The company exercised the turnaround strategies to survive the following incidents: Incidents| Actions reflecting Turnaround Strategy| The companys expenses increased while sales growth did not offset this growth;| * Eliminate several unprofitable marketable ventures (such as its sponsorship to NASCAR circuit race car and driver); * Reduce General and Administrative exp enses; * Change of key management position;| * The company applied a new trademark name to broaden brand appeal and take advantage of national and international distribution opportunities; * Explore new opportunities for growth through opening new retail stores and expanding the catalog;| * Focus on Bear-Gram business to expand the companys distribution channels; * Shut down retail stores to reduce costs; * Change of key management position;| Vermont Teddy Bear Case Essay Example Vermont Teddy Bear Case Essay Although Vermont Teddy Bear is a company with a rich track record in the business of last-minute gifts, its mission statement lacked its basic goals and philosophies that aim to shape its strategic posture. Vermonts mission statement clearly speaks to someone who is well acquainted with what the company does and what it sells, which is in my opinion a crucial point that the company missed when they addressed its customers. The following points provide an insight on what went wrong when Vermont decided to formulate its mission statement: * The Basic Product the company sells: Vermonts mission statement clearly failed to mention the type of product they sell. By defining the product the company simply distinguishes its offered products from competitive products of similar nature provided by other competitors in the market. * The companys targeted customers In this element, the company mentions who are its customers or potential customers. What will it do to serve them and how will its customers find this company different from the other companies or competitors who provide similar products in the market. Although Vermonts mission statement might have implied that it is currently targeting American customers through :The Vermont Teddy Bear brand represents the rich heritage of the Great American Teddy Bear begun in 1902. , yet this contradicts with the companys current plan in which it intends to exploit international markets, in other words, the company should revise its statement to include potential customers too. * The Technology applied: By defining technology, the company tells its current technology that it uses in making its products i. . whether state of the art technology or hand-made technology. It also tells about the unique ways in which its products are technologically more advanced or distinguished then their alternates. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the word craftsmanship found in the companys mission statement might tell that the companys products are hand-made, which distinguishes it from other players in the industry, given the fact that most stuffed toys to day are manufactured. The Companys concern for survival, growth and profitability: Vermont failed to fine the means it seeks to survive in the longer run given the fallback they are currently going through. It not merely lists them out but also defines the logic behind them and how will the company strive to achieve them; these goals serve as economic indicators for the companys performance, and hence indicates how far the company is from satisfying the principal claims and desires of its employees and stockholders. The Companys Philosophy: By defining philosophy, the company defines its way of working, its culture, its beliefs and how it sees work to be carried out. it is also an analytical way of defining the norms of which it runs. In my opinion, the companys mission statement had covered the companys creed through the following: We will strive to wholesomely entertain our guests while consistently exceeding our external and internal customer service expectations. * Concern for public image We will write a custom essay sample on Vermont Teddy Bear Case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vermont Teddy Bear Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vermont Teddy Bear Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Concern for public image is a wide term that includes not only the corporate social responsibility but the overall impact of the actions taken by the company on its image, which in my opinion was totally dropped when formulating Vermonts mission statement. * Companys self concept By defining the self concept, the company shows the outside world its core strengths and the place it sees itself in the future. When reviewing Vermonts mission statement, it is clearly evident that the statement failed to express the companys core strengths in terms of the entrepreneurship capabilities and a robust distribution channels. In light of what was mentioned above, I suggest that Vermont should revisit its mission statement, the following statement will help the BOD in their plans for the company: Become number one instant gift solution in the USA in the next 20 years. We design and manufacture the best teddy bears in America. We satisfy customer needs through product differentiation, we offer exclusive hand-made teddy bears to premium customers as well as providing convenient products to the other customers. Speed and easiness of delivery of our products will be respected along with premium quality. Monthly Measuring customer satisfaction will be our main tool for maintaining our market positioning and for our continuous development for our brand and products. While achieving our mission in owning a profitable business, we will strive to being ethically, legally, and environmentally responsible while remaining fiscally sound. Vermonts external environment consists of three components: its operating, industry and remote environment. In these three environments, there is a chance that one of its external environments may change. All of these environmental sectors affect the companys operations both on the local and international level, and its very possible for change to occur (as witnessed throughout the case study). Operating Environment: Competitors of Vermont Teddy Bear could be subdivided into three categories: * Major plush doll manufacturers such as Mattel and Hasbro were considered competition in this sub segment of the toy industry. * Other bear manufacturers including Steiff of Germany, Dakin, Applause, Fiesta, North American Bear, and Gund, the leading market of toy bears. Variety of other special occasions greetings such as flowers, candy, balloons, cakes and other gift items that could be ordered by phone for special occasions and delivered next day. As for Labor, and given the massive production the company is required to undertake to meet its customers needs especially in special occasions such as Christmas, Valentines Day amp; Mothers Day , the company heavily relied on outsourced home worker s who performed production functions at their homes and hence were treated as independent contractors. Although these home workers/independent contractors allowed the company flexibility in meeting heavy demand as mentioned earlier which allowed them in scheduling their hours of work, home workers were free to reject or accept any work offered by the company which might make the company vulnerable to failure in meeting its customers heavy demand especially in high season sales. The company maintains a solid HR system through a strong built bear culture among employees. The companys manpower do not belong to any unions which eliminates any Labor issues. n the credit side I believe that the company does not face any problem with external financing; the company has two sources of financing, equity through issuance of shares since it is a traded company in the New York stock exchange market, in addition to debt and leasing which can be provided through commercial banks and leasing companies, which in my opinion is not a viable point for Vermont as it already consumed most of its credit li mits lately, comparing with its competitors who had greater financial resources. Historically, the companys focus had been to design and manufacture the best teddy bear made in America, using American materials. This philosophy was modified significantly in 1998 with the companys decision to explore the offshore sourcing of materials and manufacturing alternatives in an effort to lower the companys cost of goods sold and to broaden its available sources of supply, in my opinion such change would diverse the companys dependence on American supplies or raw material, now that it has a wide pool of international suppliers which will give the company a significant bargaining power in terms of cost and quality. Although many teddy bear producers define their product as toy and marketed solely to children. The company marketed its bears as an attractive gift or collectible for both children and adults which enabled the company to penetrate a wide-ranged customer pool, including children, young and old people whether males or females. If the company considers going globally, the company might face problems when addressing global customers, such Anti-Americans who might avoid buying the companys products knowing that it is an American product, especially that the companys competitive advantage stems from their origin, being one of the earliest producers of teddy bears in America. Industry Environment: Barriers to entry into this industry is there, evidenced by the challenges that Vermont along with the other current players face in the market, such as economies of scale, product differentiation, capital requirements and access to distribution channels. Given that both the stuffed toys and last-minute gifts markets are already saturated, I believe that the possibility of entry of a new player to the said markets is quite difficult, unless this new player intends to acquire an existing company to capitalize on its position in the market. For Vermont and as discussed earlier, the company had recently shifted to rely on various suppliers from local markets and different countries in its raw material in an attempt to reduce its costs, yet it was implied that it still relies on an American supplier-who happened to be the only eye maker left in America-in attempt to produce the ears with domestic materials, this might give this supplier some bargaining power to exert on Vermont. Last minute gift customers normally lack the power to force down prices or play competitors off against each other, this is mainly attributable to that Vermonts industry is a fragmented one, and last minute shoppers are ready to pay anything to acquire a gift due to time constraints which disable them to consider or make comparison with other competitors products; they will simply buy the first thing their eyes lie on to buy that gift especially in special occasions and events. Capitalizing on what was said earlier, Vermonts Teddy Bear as a product had several substitutes including toy bears, stuffed dolls or animals, flowers, candy, balloons, cakes and other gift items which in my opinion deserve the most attention strategically. To my opinion, and given that the Industrys competitors are numerous and that the industry growth is slow, Vermont is facing an intense rivalry from its competitors which the company should focus on strategically in the future. Remote Environment: The remote environment is what originates beyond the daily operations of Vermont. The remote environment is made up of five factors that are not influenced by a single company. These factors are economic, social, political, technological and ecological. Although these factors cannot be affected by Vermont, they can definitely effect the operations of the company. These must be all considered by the company when working with the market. Over the next twenty years, there are several changes that might take place in the remote environment. Since technology is not an important factor in this industry the company might disregard it when formulating its strategy. Political factors are quite stable on the local side yet if the company considers going global it must take these factors into consideration, for example if changes occurred in laws and regulations with respect to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), they must make changes to meet Political standards. Ecological factors also might cause several issues; although the companys manufacturing practices are environmentally sound, other factors might be an issue (for example global warming) given the fact that the company owns and operate a factory at which it produces its products, then the energy used by the company to produce its products must e modified in order to meet ecological standards. To be sustaining in the market, Vermont should encourage the knowledge of the internal environment that affects its business. There are many internal factors that impact Vermonts performance; these factors constitutes of the companys competitively important resources and capabilities. Unfortunately reso urces whether tangible or intangible are scarce by nature and it will be a great challenge for the company to manage their resources in order to gain the competitive advantage. Tangible Assets: The company operates and owns a fully integrated facilities including retail stores, manufacturing and distribution facilities in a 62,000 square-foot building on 57 acres that the company owns; * The manufacturing/production facilities included a state of the art packing and shipping equipment; * The companys call centers had state-of-the art technologies including PC terminals and very high tech telephone switching equipment that allowed the company to handle significant call volume; * The company installed a new telephone system, which improved its telemarketing operations and was designed to accommodate future growth in telephone call volume; * The company had a high-tech shipping system, including state-of-the art multicarrier software so that if a major carrier like UPS went on strike, it could immediately make adjustments; * In 1998 the company succeeded to secure a source of finance amounting $600,000 (in the form of equity investment that was injected by Shepherd Group) which will provide working capital for the company to pursue growth in the Bear-Gram channel and to maximize the benefits of importing raw material; * The company had launched an extensive website including pictures of the product in 1997 where its customers are eligible to place their orders online, which was part of the companys computer network of approximately 250 workstations that linked order entry with sales and accounting systems. Intangible Assets: * The companys name in combinatio n with its original logo was a registered trademark in the United States including The Vermont Teddy Bear Company, Bear Gram, Teddy Bear Gram and Make-A-Friend-For Life; * It owned the registered trademark Vermont Teddy Bear in Japan; * The company claimed copyright, service mark, or trademark protection for its teddy bear designs, its marketing slogans, and its advertising copy and promotional literature; Organizational Capabilities: * The companys manufacturing practices were environmentally sound. The company sought to use the best available materials for its bears; * The companys products were sold with a Guarantee for Life under which the company undertakes to repair or replace any damaged or defective bear at any time; * The companys products were designed in such way to a certain event or occasions, the company even provided outfits to individualize the customers bears or to emphasize certain relevant characteristics of the receiver; * The company was primarily know for its Bear-Gram delivery service, where customers could send the gift of a Vermont Teddy Bear by placing an order through the companys 800 number or online, providing its customers with an instant and spontaneous solution for the perfect gift especial in events and special occasions; * Since its inception in the 80s, the companys main focus was to design and manufacture the best teddy bears made in America, using American materials and labor, which helped the company to build up a strong and extensive custome r base; * The companys decision to explore the offshore sourcing of materials was a brilliant and a dynamic solution for lowering the companys cost of goods sold and reducing the suppliers power over the company; * The company has a wide range of products that suits both premium and regular customers; it has its handcrafted 15-inch classic teddy bears as well as its manufactured bears, in addition to other items related to teddy bears such as clothing, jewelry and accessory ornaments; * The company strove to provide rapid response to its customer orders and complaints. It believed that as a result of the quality of its products and service, it had established a loyal customer base; The value chain analysis (demonstrated below) aim at increasing customer satisfaction and managing cost effectively; it is a systematic approach to examining the development of competitive advantage, it comprises both primary and support activities: Source: pcwin. com Primary activities of Value Chain Analysis are directly concerned with the production or delivery of a product and consist of: * Inbound Logistics: Vermonts manufacturing premises included a state-of-the-art packing and shipping equipment, in addition the company also had a three-year lease on 10,000 square foot of inventory space at a separate location in Shelburne. Exploiting offshore markets for the sourcing of its materials provided the company with a wider base of suppliers which prevented the company from dependence risks; * Operations: despite the companys 1998 move to the offshore sourcing of raw materials and which implied a significant departure from the companys historical position as an American manufacturer who uses almost exclusively American materials, the companys products were still environmentally sound; the company sought to use the best available materials for its bears. The company produced two type of products; its handcrafted 15-inch classic teddy bear for those customers who are interested in an American made product and its manufactured event or special occasion-customized teddy bears for the rest of its customers, in addition to selling items related to its teddy bears; * Outbound Logistics: The company was known for its Bear-Gram delivery services, which enabled the company to provide instant delivery services (either by air or ground delivery services) to its customers throughout the different states of America as well as outside customers such as Canada through a carrier such as UPS. In addition, the company had a high-tech shipping system, including state-of-the-art multicarrier software so that if a major carrier like UPS went on strike, it could immediately make adjustments; * Marketing and Sales: The companys extensive computer network in addition to its new telephone system enabled the company to expand its customer base not only in Ver mont but throughout the rest of the states and the world and provide rapid response to its customer orders which in turn; * Service: The company sought to respond promptly to customer complaints. Each bear was sold with a Guarantee for Life under which the company ndertakes to repair or replace any damaged or defective bear at any time; These primary activities are supported by secondary activities which help to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the primary activities of the company and consist of: * Firms Infrastructure: it can be subdivided into three main categories: * Organizational Structure: The companys Board members and Executive Officers had solid experience in different fields including marketing, finance amp; investment; * System of Planning Finance: The company managed to secure a $3. 5 Million commercial loan to partially finance its new facility, later the company completed a sale-leaseback transaction involving its factory, this financing replace the company s mortgage and line of credit. The company had also signed a letter of intent with a potential investor for a proposed $600,000 equity investment; the company intends to direct the proceeds of the said transaction to financing its working capital needs to pursue growth in the Bear-Gram channel and to maximize the benefits of importing raw materials; * Quality Control: The company strives to maintain its products environmental friendly and was safe for children. * Human Resource Management: * The company employed 181 individuals, none of them belonged to a union which provided the company with some sort of protection against strikes; * In order for the company to meet heavy demand at holiday periods such as Christmas, Valentines Day and Mothers Day, the company depended on independent contractors/home workers. * Technology Development: The manufacturing/production facilities included a state of the art packing and shipping equipment; * The companys call centers had state-of-the art technologies including PC termina ls and very high tech telephone switching equipment that allowed the company to handle significant call volume; * The company installed a new telephone system, which improved its telemarketing operations and was designed to accommodate future growth in telephone call volume; * The company had a high-tech shipping system, including state-of-the art multicarrier software so that if a major carrier like UPS went on strike, it could immediately make adjustments; * The company had launched an extensive website including pictures of the product in 1997 where its customers are eligible to place their orders online, which was part of the companys computer network of approximately 250 workstations that linked order entry with sales and accounting systems. * Procurement: * The most relevant long-term objectives for the company are as follows: * Competitive Position: the company always strives on keeping its position as a market leader backed by designing and manufacturing the best teddy bears made in America and represent an attractive gift or collectible for both children and adults; * Profitability: sustain and increase profitability by improving the Bear-gram services that is provided through either the internet or the phone which are designed to accommodate future growth in request volume; * Public Responsibility: the companys manufacturing practices respect the environmental aspects by using the best available materials for its bears. The company uses Differentiation-focus as a generic strategy illustrated in: * Using American-made materials in its products; * The company offers a life-time guarantee; * Easy order placement and prompt delivery; * Rapid response to its customer complaints. Grand strategies are applied through: * Product Development : The company diversified the spectrum of its products to include the following: * More than 100 different bear outfits to individualize the companys bears, to emphasize certain relevant characteristics, or to personalize bears for different occasions and events; * Using recycled Ben and Jerrys ice cream containers to make the bear joints movable, a feature associated with traditional, high quality teddy bears; * Selling items related to Teddy Bears; * Selling stuffed toys manufactured by other companies; * Changing the packaging structure to ensure damage-free products and lower courier services; * Turnaround Strategy: The company exercised the turnaround strategies to survive the following incidents: Incidents| Actions reflecting Turnaround Strategy| The companys expenses increased while sales growth did not offset this growth;| * Eliminate several unprofitable marketable ventures (such as its sponsorship to NASCAR circuit race car and driver); * Reduce General and Administrative exp enses; * Change of key management position;| * The company applied a new trademark name to broaden brand appeal and take advantage of national and international distribution opportunities; * Explore new opportunities for growth through opening new retail stores and expanding the catalog;| * Focus on Bear-Gram business to expand the companys distribution channels; * Shut down retail stores to reduce costs; * Change of key management position;|

6000 Processor Architecture

Analysis of the RISC System/6000 Processor Architecture Free Online Research Papers Analysis of the RISC System/6000 Processor Architecture As far as Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) systems go, IBM has played an enormous role in both their development and success. It was IBM who pioneered the path to RISC architecture and was the creator of the first RISC system, the 801, which led directly to the creation of the RS/6000. If it had not been for the groundbreaking work done at IBM’s Thomas J. Watson Research Center in the mid 1970’s, RISC architecture as we know it today, would simply not exist. RISC architecture was a major breakthrough in the world of computing, and perhaps, one of the greatest innovations to be developed in computer science in the second half of the 20th century. It allowed for the design of CPUs with a simpler set of instructions, with a simpler set of goals. The main concept behind RISC architecture was to make the instructions simpler in order to make the cycles per instruction decrease, which would inversely result in an increase in machine efficiency. Before RISC architecture, and quite possibly the inspiration that led to discovery of RISC, researchers began to notice that the majority of the orthogonal addressing modes-an aspect of the instruction set architecture that define how machine language instructions identify the operand of each instruction-were being completely ignored.1 What they also discovered was that this was decreasing the level of performance between the processor and main memory. The decrease in performance was also a result of the increasing use of compilers to create programs, as opposed to simply writing them in assembly language, which was common practice up until this point. To solve this problem, researchers came up with the idea of making the instructions in the instruction set architecture as simple and, therefore, as fast as possible. This concept eventually evolved into RISC, in which the goal was to create instructions so simple that each one could be executed in a single clock cycle.2 IBM’s drive toward RISC architecture can be attributed to many factors. The main catalyst for this advance in CPU architecture, however, was the increasing problem researchers were noticing with computer performance. Processors, even before the birth of RISC, were becoming faster at an exponential rate, while the advances in memory access were much less dramatic. This increased the need for researchers to find different methods to boost performance and overcome the gap that existed between the processor and memory. The goal IBM had for the original RS/6000, released in February 1990, was to develop a method to conduct very complex calculations necessary for scientific and engineering research. At the time, the supercomputers responsible for carrying out these massive calculations were extremely expensive. IBM’s main goal in the superscalar RS/6000 was to increase the performance of the CPU, while making the price of the unit more affordable. The main functional units of the RS/6000 will be covered in the paper. The branch processor of the RS/6000 is a bit different from the implementation of other comparable processors. The branch processor unit in the RS/6000 can handle one branch every cycle, like most other comparable processors. Additionally, it uses branch prediction to predict that any unresolved conditional branches will not be taken. What the branch processor does next is where it really differs from other comparable processors. The branch unit fetches both the branch-not-taken as well as the branch-taken path into the instruction buffers.4 However, it only dispatches the branch-not-taken path for execution. It is not until after the condition branch has been resolved that the instructions from the incorrect path are flushed from the instruction buffers. At this point, if the instructions have already begun to be executed, they are cancelled from their respective functional unit. The benefit of the branch unit’s method of branch prediction is that, at worst, the miss-prediction penalty is a mere 3 cycles.5 To add to the benefit, this penalty can be eliminated if, between the comparison and the branch, there are independent instructions. Another advantage in how the branch processor handles operations is the ability of the unit to restore state if it encounters an exception by maintaining a Program Counter stack. This method allows exceptions to be handled without any interruption in performance. Adding to the uniqueness and quality of the branch processor is the fact that it implements a special branch-and-count instruction that, in turn, decrements a counter register and then conditionally branches on the result, all in a single cycle.6 The Data Cache in the RS/6000 is a four way set associative cache with 64KB of total memory, allowing each memory address to have a maximum of four locations in the cache where it can be stored.7 The D-cache has a line size of 128 bytes and is split up into four separate D-cache units of equal size, leaving each unit with a total of 16 KB of memory.8 The D-cache communicates with main memory using a 4-word interface, the Floating Point unit using a 2-word interface, the Fixed Point unit using a 1-word interface, and the I-cache unit using a 2-word interface. One of the unique features of the D-cache is that it utilizes a store-back buffer which is also 128 bytes wide.9 This allows for better performance due to the fact that it cuts down on the traffic over the memory bus. As a result of the use of the store-back buffer, data that is stored in the D-cache does need to be sent directly to main memory. Instead, the data is only written to memory when a miss in the cache is replace d. This allows for the flexibility of leaving missed lines on the buffer while the new line enters the cache, so that you need not write the missed line to memory before a new line is brought in. Adding to the advantage of this implementation is the fact that the D-cache is not kept busy during the store-back process.10 What makes this process available at no cost to the efficiency of the D-cache and therefore, the performance of the processor, is through the method by which the line is loaded into the store-back buffer. The D-cache is able to implement this feature by loading the line in a parallel fashion into the store-back buffer, which is all done over a total period of two cycles.11 The other main feature of the D-cache is its use of cache-reload buffers to store, from memory, a line that contains a miss. What this means is that the processor need not wait for the entire line to be grabbed from main memory before it can access the cache arrays. Similar to the store-back buffer, the cache-reload buffer does not tie up the cache, so there is no performance penalty that must be paid to load the cache-reload buffer.12 A standard configuration of the main memory within a RS/6000 consists of two separate memory cards, although the system can hold up to eight. Each memory card can output two words of data to the D-cache due to a four way interleaved design.13 This means that the system must have at least two memory cards in order to accommodate the four word interface with the D-cache. The standard configuration of the RS/6000, with 2 memory cards can store up to four instructions and sixteen words of data. The four way interleaving design is implemented by two data-multiplexing chips and one control chip. The RS/6000 can hold from two to eight memory cards, with each ranging between 8MB and 32MB of total memory. This allows the RS/6000 to utilize anywhere from 16MB to 256MB of total memory. This total can be doubled, however, using the 4MB DRAM that are supported by the chips memory cards increasing the total memory on each card to 64MB, which in turn would allow for a total memory of a half a Gigabyte.14 The instruction cache in the RS/6000 is a two way set associative 8KB cache with a total line size of 64 bytes, 16 instructions.15 It delivers four instructions per cycle to dispatch, while continuously re-aligning them so that the farthest instruction to the left is valid.16 The I-cache is responsible for dispatching instructions to their respective units. The dispatcher selects, from the available instructions, the first branch, condition, and two fixed or floating point instructions. The branch unit, along with the condition unit, executes its instruction immediately after it receives them from the dispatcher. The two fixed or floating point instructions, however, are sent to the instruction buffers to await execution.17 Actually, in the RS/6000 processor, the fixed and floating point units are not at all affected by the result of a branch instruction.18 In most cases, the fixed and floating point units receive an uninterrupted stream of instructions resulting in a zero cyc le branch.19 The unique dispatch logic of the RS/6000 actually allows the fifth instruction in the I-cache to be executed by the branch unit. This allows the branch unit to completely overlap the fixed and floating point units in a situation such as a loop where there are an equal number of fixed and floating point instructions to be executed.20 All of the fixed point instructions in the RS/6000 processor are decoded and executed by the Fixed Point Unit. The Fixed Point Unit also decodes and executes floating point instructions of the load and store types due to the fact that these types of floating point instructions are actually just fixed point operations. Because of its control over load and store floating point instructions, the Fixed Point Unit fuels the movement of data between the Floating Point Unit and the D-cache. The Fixed Point Unit has undergone little change from the RS/6000’s RISC predecessor, the 801. The Fixed Point Unit contains the Arithmetic Logic Unit to handle the instructions involving arithmetic that are sent to the Fixed Point Unit. It also allows load and store instructions to overlap by executing independent instructions. This feature is made possible through the use of register tagging. The Fixed Point Unit (FXU) utilizes 32-32 bit registers a feature that remains the same from the original 801. Almost all instructions carried out by the FXU are completed within one cycle. One of the changes in the FXU from the original 801 is that it features a fixed point multiply and divide unit to handle multiplication and division. Due to the specialized multiply and divide unit, instructions involving multiplication take from 3 to 5 cycles. In contrast, any given divide instruction will take from 19 to 20 cycles, hindering the multiply/divide unit a bit.21 To handle address translation, data locking and page protection, the FXU contains a 128 entry two way set associative Data-Translation Look-aside Buffer (D-TLB). Additionally, page table look-ups for the Instruction-Translation Look-aside Buffer (I-TLB) and D-TLB reloads are performed by the FXU. The FXU also contains D-cache directories and controls; and, therefore, any address generation or D-cache controls for either fixed or floating point load/store operations are also performed by the FXU.22 The main reas on that the FXU handles address generation is to be able to accommodate the newly implemented multiply-add instructions that are executed by the Fixed Point Unit. In order for the multiply-add instructions to be worthwhile, data must be exchanged between the Floating Point Unit by a method that is not slower that the multiply-add execution time.23 Due to its unique implementation, in order to allow the processor the ability to wait for the right time to write an instruction into the D-cache, the data and address of one fixed point store instruction can be held up in the store buffers within the FXU. This feature means that both the FXU and the Fixed Point Unit (FPU) will receive their data in a timelier manner by allowing fixed and floating point load instructions to pass up the fixed point store instructions that were ahead of them in line.24 One of the biggest accomplishments in the RS/6000 architecture is its intuitive implementation of the Floating Point Unit. The Fixed Point Unit (FPU) in the RS/6000 contains 32-64 bit registers and has, in addition to these main registers, six rename registers for register renaming, and two divide registers to accommodate for floating point divide instructions. The FPU is a fully pipelined unit which allows one instruction to begin its execution at the start of every cycle. One of the most advantageous features brought upon by its unique implementation is that every instruction, except for divide types, has a result latency of only two cycles in the FPU.25 The FPU handles all of the multiply, divide, add, and subtract operations involving floating point instructions. Additionally, it computes a standard set of move, negate, and absolute-value operations.26 It will generate one double precision result for every cycle regardless of the various types of instructions in the buffer. This means that data held in the floating point registers is always represented in double-precision format.27 One of the highlights of the RS/6000’s FPU is its ability to execute a unique multiply-add instruction. What makes this feature key is the fact that these instructions, of the (A x B) + C type, are executed with the same delay as a single multiply or add instruction. The multiply-add instruction increases the performance of the RS/6000 exponentially by combining two instructions into one which reduces the number of instructions that need to be executed in a given program. This is made apparent in scientific and graphical applications that rely heavily on matrix operations that can utilize the multiply-add instruction. This instruction is also more accurate than in previous implementations of the instruction. This is due to the fact that the result of the multiply is not rounded before the addition takes place. Therefore, no accuracy is lost during the multipl y-add operations. In the FPU, the two word interface with the D-cache unit provides the required amount of transferability for every floating point instruction. Another prime feature of the FPU is its ability to fully overlap load and store instructions with the execution of arithmetic operations. It is able to perform these overlapping executions due to the use of register renaming. This function allows floating point loads to be executed independently of floating point arithmetic operations, enabling the FXU to perform floating point loads without having to wait for previous floating point arithmetic operations to be completed.28 In the RS/6000, input/output operations are handled through an I/O channel controller which undertakes the task of moving data to and from the main system memory of the computer (i.e. disk).29 The I/O channel controller creates a Micro Channel interface, which is a bus architecture that defines how peripheral devices and internal components communicate across the CPU’s expansion bus. The I/O unit incorporates a two word interface between itself and the system memory via a two word interface with the SIO bus. The Micro Channel interface establishes a one word address bus and a one word data bus out of the two word interface to the SIO.30 The I/O controller architecture focuses on better performance and error handling in the RS/6000. The I/O controller’s main task is to handle the exchange of information between the system memory and the Micro Channel interface. The processor can transfer data to and from the Micro Channel interface through the use of I/O load and s tore operations. On the other hand, the Micro Channel interface handles data transfer with the system memory through the use of DMA (Direct Memory Access) channels.31 DMA controllers transfer data from system memory directly to the Micro Channel interface without bogging down the processor. A feature of the I/O unit that provides extensive data security is the use of address protection mechanisms which provide secure exchange of information within all data transfers. The units I/O channel controller supports up to 15 DMA channels for improved performance over the original 801 architecture. A notable feature of the Micro Channel interface is the streaming data function. This feature enables more than one packet of data to be sent over the SIO bus within a single bus envelope. The Micro Channel architecture accomplishes this task by sending a starting address followed by a single block of data that contains multiple separate packs of data. This is an extremely formidable attri bute of the I/O unit creating a powerful performance boost due to the fact that it can double bandwidth on large transfers of data.32 The RS/6000 is a fully pipelined processor with several stages that execute in parallel across multiple functional units to handle the execution of various instructions. The first stage in the pipeline of the RS/6000 is the instruction fetch (IF) cycle. In this stage, four instructions are fetched from the cache arrays within the I-cache and placed into the instruction buffers. The second stage in the pipeline is the Disp/BRE cycle, in which a total of four instructions are analyzed for dispatching. Also in this stage, the branch and condition instructions are executed, the target addresses for the branch instructions are generated, and the two fixed point or floating point instructions are sent to their respective units to await execution. The third stage in the pipeline is the FXD cycle. In this stage, the FXU decodes the instructions stored in its instruction buffer and obtains the operands from the register file. The next stage is the FXE cycle where the FXU executes its instructions. In this stage the D-TLB’s and D-cache directories are searched for load and store instructions. The fifth stage in the pipeline is the C cycle wherein, the D-cache arrays are accessed.34 The WB cycle, which is the next stage in the pipeline, is responsible for writing fixed point instruction results to the register file. The PD cycle is the next stage in the pipeline, and where the FPU pre-decodes its instructions. Following the PD cycle is the Remap stage. In this stage the floating point instruction registers are mapped to the physical registers. In the next stage, the FPD cycle, the FPU actually decodes its instructions. The next two stages, the FPE1 cycle and the FPE2 cycle, are where multiply-add instructions are executed. The last stage in the pipeline is the FPWB cycle. In this stage, the results from floating point operations, except for load/store types, are written to the register file.35 Going through a cycle-by-cycle analysis of the pipeline, we start off with cycle 1, where the first four instructions are fetched from the I-cache. In cycle 2, the instructions are analyzed for dispatch, branch and condition instructions are executed, target addresses are generated, and the fixed point and floating point instructions are sent to their respective units to be executed. Also in this cycle, the next four instructions in line are fetched from the I-cache. The third cycle sends the next two fixed point or floating point instructions to their respective units, while the FXU is decoding the first floating point instruction and the FPU is pre-decoding its first instruction. Also in this cycle, the FXU will execute the floating point load instruction and the FPU will send the first two instructions to the PD stage for renaming.36 Additionally, another four instructions are fetched from the I-cache. In the third cycle, however, the four instructions fetched from the I-cac he include the BCT-a special loop-closing branch instruction-followed by the next three instructions in line. In the fourth cycle, the FXU will generate the address for the first floating point load instruction. The third instruction pair is dispatched to the FXU and FPU respectively. The FPU will rename the load instruction and the multiply-add. Also, the second fixed point or floating point instruction pair is in the FXD and FPD cycles. In the fourth cycle the address of the BCT is also generated. In cycle 5 the next four instructions are fetched from the I-cache, while the fourth pair of fixed point or floating point instructions are sent to their respective functional units. In this cycle the BCT is executed while the first FMA (floating point multiply-add) instruction is being processed in FPD. Meanwhile, the first floating point load is accessing the D-cache and at the end of this cycle, the FMA instruction will enter the FPE1 stage. In cycle 6, the second floating po int load instruction will access the D-cache while the second FMA instruction will be decoded by the FPU. Also in this cycle, the FPU is generating the address for the first store instruction, which will be placed in the store buffer at the end of the cycle.37 The advantage that the RS/6000 architecture gives to the performance of the pipeline is that the loop-closing branch instruction does not affect the performance of the pipeline whatsoever. In fact, the FXU and FPU operate completely independent of the Branch instructions. This allows the floating pipeline to remain busy throughout the different stages, allowing for two floating point results in every cycle.38 The RS/6000 has many architectural advantages over other comparable processors. Perhaps the biggest advantage of this processor is that of its Floating Point Unit. The FPU in the RS/6000 increases its performance greatly due to features such as the multiply-add instruction, register renaming, and its lightning fast two cycle pipeline. Another aspect that makes the RS/6000 desirable over other architectures is its simplicity in design. The computer designers at IBM left its organization open to mold to the constant advancement in processor architecture. An equally important advantage that the RS/6000 processor puts forward is its ability to process zero cycle branches which cut down on execution time and processor load immensely. Lastly, the fact that the processor has very fast exception handling and recovery is a huge advantage to the system. The disadvantages of the RS/6000, although not as many in number as the advantages of the system, can prove to be a performance bottleneck in some cases. The biggest disadvantage of the system is its inability to accommodate out-of-order execution. The processor does process out-of-order operations, but only involving accesses to the D-cache. Needless to say, it would mean better performance overall if the system was able to execute instructions out-of-order. However, the cost of being able to perform such a feat with the RS/6000 may be more cumbersome than advantageous. In order to implement out-of-order execution in the processor it would require more flexibility in the area of register renaming and an increased amount of logic, which, in the long run, may not be worth the added performance. Research Papers on Analysis of the RISC System/6000 Processor ArchitectureOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaResearch Process Part OneDefinition of Export QuotasStandardized TestingInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Hockey Game